According to Johns Hopkins Medicine's Center for Nursing Inquiry, Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) "is a process used to review, analyze, and translate the latest scientific evidence. The goal is to quickly incorporate the best available research, along with clinical experience and patient preference, into clinical practice, so nurses can make informed patient-care decisions (Dang et al., 2022). EBP is the cornerstone of clinical practice. Integrating EBP into your nursing practice improves quality of care and patient outcomes" ("Evidence-Based Practice," n.d.)
Evidence-Based Practice in Nursing and Healthcare by
Evidence-Based Practice in Nursing & Healthcare: A Guide to Best Practice, 4th Edition Bernadette Mazurek Melnyk, PhD, RN, APRN-CNP, FAANP, FNAP, FAAN and Ellen Fineout-Overholt, PhD, RN, FNAP, FAAN Enhance your clinical decision-making capabilities and improve patient outcomes through evidence-based practice. Develop the skills and knowledge you need to make evidence-based practice (EBP) an integral part of your clinical decision-making and everyday nursing practice with this proven, approachable text. Written in a straightforward, conversational style, Evidence-Based Practice in Nursing & Healthcare delivers real-world examples and meaningful strategies in every chapter to help you confidently meet today's clinical challenges and ensure positive patient outcomes. NEW! Making Connections: An EBP Exemplar opens each unit, immersing you in an unfolding case study of EBP in real-life practice. NEW! Chapters reflect the most current implications of EBP on health policy and the context, content, and outcomes of implementing EBP competencies in clinical and academic settings. NEW! Learning objectives and EBP Terms to Learn at both the unit and chapter levels help you study efficiently and stay focused on essential concepts and vocabulary. Making EBP Real features continue to end each unit with real-world examples that demonstrate the principles of EBP applied. EBP Fast Facts reinforce key points at a glance. Clinical Scenarios clarify the EBP process and enhance your rapid appraisal capabilities.
Nursing Research: Reading, Using and Creating Evidence by
Each new print copy includes Navigate 2 Advantage Access that unlocks a comprehensive and interactive eBook, student practice activities and assessments, a full suite of instructor resources, and learning analytics reporting tools.Nursing Research: Reading, Using, and Creating Evidence, Fourth Edition is an essential text for nursing students to build the skillsnecessary for translating research into evidence. The Fourth Edition focuses on the Nursing Practice Guidelines and emphasizes evidence-basedpractice in the profession of nursing. To reinforce these concepts the author cites a particular article that is appraised throughout theentire text.The Fourth Edition also focuses on the dissemination of information and research best practices as conferences and other such resources become more available to students and professionals.Key Features* Emphasis on Nursing Practice Guidelines* New evaluation tool for reviewing a research article* Extensive PICO questions throughout the text* Addition of the contemporary PECO question* Poster template added to the chapter on translation
Evidence-Based Practice for Nurses: Appraisal and Application of Research by 
Fundamentals of Nursing and Midwifery Research: A Practica Guide for Evidence-Based Practice by
This book presents a unique approach to teaching the principles of health research using practical case studies with which nurses and midwives can engage to gain the skills to read and understand reports, evaluate the quality of research, synthesise different studies and be able to evaluate its effectiveness when applied to clinical practice.
Evidence-based practice involves framing a question, locating, assessing, evaluating, and repeating as needed. Using PICO(T) can help write a focused clinical question. The following table describes the different parts of PICO(T).
Note: Please consult your professor when formulating PICO(T) questions. The information on this page is only meant to serve as a guide.
P |
I |
C |
O |
T |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patient / Population | Intervention / Indicator | Compare / Control | Outcome | Time / Type of Study or Question |
| Who are the relevant patients? Think about age, sex, location, or specific characteristics that would be important to your question. | What is the strategy, medication, procedure, diagnostic test, or exposure? | What is the control or alternative you would like to compare to the intervention or indicator? | What are the patient-relevant consequences of the intervention? Consider both patient-oriented outcomes (morbidity, quality of life, etc.) and surrogate outcomes (lab values, test characteristics, etc.) | What time periods should be considered? What study designs are most likely to have the information you hope to find? What clinical domain does your question fall under? |
There are many ways to formulate your PICO question. You may find it helpful to use one of the following formats:
In _________ (P), how does _________ (I) compared to _________(C) affect _______(O) within _______ (T)?
In _______(P), what is the effect of _______(I) on ______(O) compared with _______(C) within ________ (T)?
In ________ (P) are/is ________(I) compared with ________(C) more accurate in diagnosing ________(O)?
Are ____ (P) who have _______ (I) at ___ (Increased/decreased) risk for/of_______ (O) compared with ______ (P) with/without ______ (C) over _____ (T)?
In _______(P), what is the effect of _______(I) on ______(O) compared with _______(C) within ________ (T)?
For example:
PICO(T) Question Sources:
Nursing: Types of Research by Steely Library NKU (Northern Kentucky University) via YouTube.
Introduction to Evidence-Based Practice by ISU Libraries (Idaho State University) via YouTube.
Pico: A Model for Evidence Based Research by Binghamton University Libraries via YouTube.
Students have many questions about evaluating Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) resources and PICO(T) questions, and FDU librarians are happy to provide guidance. We can assist by helping you find articles in a database and guide you towards relevant resources. If you need help creating PICO(T) questions or determining whether an article involves EBP, please contact your professor, the Academic Support Center, or the Metro Writing Studio for help.
